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Evidence-based UsesOther Studied Uses


Acupuncture

Alternate Names

  • Acupressure
  • Electroacupuncture

Overview

Acupuncture has been part of the medical mainstream in countries such as China and Japan for centuries. It is also one of the most widely utilized forms of alternative therapy in the United States. More than 10 million acupuncture treatments are administered annually in the US alone. In addition, third-party insurance reimbursement and managed care coverage for acupuncture are increasing.
Due to its popularity, scientific investigation of acupuncture has grown dramatically in recent years, with many new studies reported every week. However, the results have been mixed at best.

What Is Acupuncture?

Simply defined, acupuncture is a treatment method aimed at eliciting a response (such as pain relief) through insertion of very fine needles in the body surface at sites called acupuncture points. A related technique called acupressure (or shiatsu) uses pressure on these points; a related therapy known as electroacupuncture applies electricity to the points.
A wide variety of treatment methods, approaches, techniques, styles, and theoretical frameworks exist within the very broad scope of the term acupuncture. Differences in forms of acupuncture are often cultural; the system of acupuncture practiced in Japan, for example, is quite different from that found in China. Many acupuncturists practice a more or less traditional style called Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Others have adopted modern styles that have little or no reliance on traditional principles.
Acupuncture needles are most often inserted at specific locations on the skin called acupuncture points. These points are located on specific lines outlined by tradition, referred to as meridians or channels. According to Chinese medical theory, there are 14 major meridians that form an invisible network connecting the body surface with the internal organs. Meridians are to conduct Qi, the energy or vital force of the body. Pain or illness is said to result from imbalances or blockages in the flow of Qi through the meridians. Acupuncture is traditionally thought to remove such blockages, restore the normal circulation of Qi, and improve overall health by promoting the balance of energy in the system. However, there is no scientific evidence for the existence of the meridians or Qi itself. (Meridians are not visible under a microscope and, contrary to popular belief, they do not match major nerve pathways.)
In addition to meridians and Qi, the concept of yin and yang is central to acupuncture theory, as it is to all of traditional Chinese philosophy. The terms yin and yang do not represent forces or substances; rather, they are a way to look at the world in terms of the interaction of polar opposites. According to this viewpoint, all movement, growth, and change in the world is a manifestation of the push and pull of these forces. Although seemingly in opposition, these forces are thought to complement and support each other. For example, without rest one cannot exert energy; without becoming tired by exerting energy, it is difficult to sleep. This is just one illustration of the harmony and interaction of yin and yang.
Yang is traditionally associated with heat, power, daylight, summer, and many other active or energetic aspects of life; yin is cold, quiet, and dark. Many illnesses are characterized in terms of an excess or deficiency of either yin or yang, or of both at the same time. For example, when the body is feverish, it is too yang as a whole. There is also a yin and yang balance in each individual organ and part of the body; these can become excessive or deficient, too.
Thus, in TCM, illnesses are described as complex patterns of imbalances and blockages. Treatment is based not on medical diagnosis, but on identifying these problems in the body's energy and seeking to correct them. Does this traditional analysis contain truths about human health or is it just archaic thinking? The answer, as yet, remains unknown.

History of Acupuncture

Primitive acupuncture needles dating back to around 1000 BC have been discovered in archeological finds of the Shan dynasty in China. The theoretical framework underlying the practice of acupuncture was first set forth in the Inner Classic of Medicine or Nei Jing , first published in 206 BC during the Han dynasty.
As an active and growing tradition, the theory and practice of TCM evolved over the centuries, at times undergoing rapid changes. Acupuncture reached perhaps its golden age under the Ming dynasty in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. Subsequently, it took second place to an ascending practice of herbal medicine . By the time acupuncture came back in vogue in twentieth-century China, it had undergone a major transformation sometimes called the herbalization of acupuncture. Current acupuncture methods given the name Traditional Chinese Medicine are derived to a great extent from this relatively modern revision of the theory. Present-day Japanese acupuncture, however, dates back to earlier versions of acupuncture.
Another major change occurred after the Communist Revolution in 1949. The new leadership, while wanting to carry through a process of modernization, decided to support and preserve traditional medicine. During the Cultural Revolution, the famous "barefoot doctors" were trained in both modern and traditional medicine and sent out to the rural areas to provide medical care for the masses. Today, in the largest and most modern Chinese hospitals, Western medicine and TCM, including acupuncture and herbal treatments, are practiced side by side.
Acupuncture entered France through colonial rule of Vietnam. It was there that, in 1957, the French physician Paul Nogier conceived the notion of auricular (ear) acupuncture. According to his theory, the entire body is “mapped” onto the ear in the form of an inverted fetus. Using this system of correspondence, one can, according to Nogier, treat any part of the body by treating the corresponding part of the ear. This approach was subsequently taken up in China, despite the fact that it had been invented in the West, and had no real foundation in traditional practice. (Classic acupuncture includes only a few points on the ear, and does not refer to any representation of the entire body.) Nogier claimed to have “scientifically tested” his theory, but the methods he used to accomplish this fall far short of anything recognizable as modern science. There are no properly designed studies to support the “little man on the ear” hypothesis, and the one well-designed study on the subject failed to find any correlation between pain in the body and tenderness in corresponding parts of the ear as predicted by Nogier’s theory. 262
Acupuncture was virtually unheard of and unavailable in the US until 1972, when President Nixon made his historic visit to China. Among the accompanying press was the well-known journalist James Reston, who was hospitalized while in China and received acupuncture anesthesia. Upon returning to the US, Reston published an article about his experience, stimulating new interest in acupuncture among the public and the medical community. Although it was later discovered that the drugs used along with acupuncture anesthesia probably played a major role, the perception of acupuncture as a powerful treatment caused it to gain respect in the US. Acupuncture schools began to open in the late 1970s and 1980s. With training available in the United States, the number of acupuncturists in this country began to grow rapidly, and today there are many thousands of certified and/or licensed acupuncturists.

How Does Acupuncture Work?

The exact mechanisms by which acupuncture might produce effects on the body remain unknown. Weak preliminary evidence from the 1970s hints that acupuncture encourages the release of endorphins (morphine-like compounds that function as the body's internal pain-regulating substances). 1 Support for this theory comes from a study in which use of the drug naloxone, which opposes the effects of endorphins, was found to block pain relief from acupuncture. 2 However, the body releases endorphins in response to any sort of pain, and it may be that it is needle-insertion per se, and not acupuncture, that is responsible for the rise in endorphins. Furthermore, there is some evidence that the placebo effect itself works by means of endorphins—in one study, naloxone blocked the ability of a placebo treatment to reduce pain. 144
It has also been proposed that acupuncture may influence other chemicals in the body that control various physiologic activities. Preliminary studies have shown possible effects of acupuncture on norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and cyclic AMP, all of which are "chemical messengers" that regulate key systems in the body. 4 However, none of this evidence is strong.

What Is the Scientific Evidence for Acupuncture?

Although there have been numerous controlled studies of acupuncture, there is no condition for which acupuncture's supporting evidence is strong. 185,227 There are several reasons for this, but one is fundamental: even with the best of intentions, it is difficult to properly ascertain the effectiveness of a hands-on therapy such as acupuncture.
Only one form of study can truly prove that a treatment is effective: the double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. However, it is not easy to fit acupuncture into a study design of this type. One problem is designing a form of placebo acupuncture, and an even more challenging problem is to keep participants and practitioners in the dark regarding who is receiving real acupuncture and who is receiving fake. Without such blinding, the results of the study can be skewed by numerous factors. For a discussion of these factors, see Why Does This Database Rely on Double-blind Studies?
In an attempt to approximate double-blind studies of acupuncture, researchers have resorted to a number of clever techniques. Perhaps the most common involves sham acupuncture. In such studies, a fake version of acupuncture is used to keep participants in the dark. However, because the acupuncturist knows that this is a fake treatment, he or she may subtly convey a lack of confidence in the outcome. Such studies are called single-blind and are not fully trustworthy. (The only exception are studies in which the patient is anesthetized prior to the acupuncture, and is therefore, presumably, incapable of receiving this sort of "top spin.")
To get around this problem and produce a truly double-blind study, some studies may employ technicians trained only to insert needles, rather than real acupuncturists. Such technicians might be given a list of real acupuncture points or phony acupuncture points, without being told which is which. However, it is not reasonable to suppose that an essentially untrained technician can give an acupuncture treatment as effective as that of a real acupuncturist. Furthermore, using a fixed set of points to treat a problem is not true to traditional acupuncture, which always individualizes treatment to the person.
Another approach is to use real acupuncturists to deliver treatment, but to have a separate person evaluate the effects of that treatment. Such studies may be described as partially double-blind (or observer blind); they prevent researchers from biasing their own observations, but they still do not eliminate the problem that the acupuncturist might communicate confidence (or lack of it) to the participants. The placebo effect in acupuncture is very sensitive to expectation; in one study, patients who believed they were getting real acupuncture experienced benefits and those who believed they were getting fake acupuncture failed to experience benefits. 186 Whether or not they were actually receiving real or fake acupuncture proved to be irrelevant; it was the belief that mattered. One naturally doubts whether acupuncturists are sufficiently adept at hiding their true feelings from their patients. Osteopathic physician Kerry Kamer suggested a whimsical approach to testing acupuncture: for the placebo group, use actors trained to convey confidence while performing fake acupuncture. However, such studies have not yet been reported.
Despite their limitations, most of the best studies available at present are the single-blind or partially double-blind designs described earlier. Although imperfect, they at least can give us some idea whether true acupuncture might be effective.
There is another problem to consider as well: acupuncture causes a very strong placebo effect, whether it is real or fake. This phenomenon tends to diminish the difference in results between the treatment group and the placebo group and can potentially hide a true benefit by making it too small to reach statistical significance . As an example, consider a study in which 67 people with hip arthritis received either random needle placement or actual acupuncture. 118 The results showed improvement in both groups, but to the same extent. Does this mean that traditional acupuncture is actually no better than random acupuncture? Not necessarily. The study could simply have been too small to identify benefits that did occur. In studies that show a strong placebo effect, it may be necessary to enroll hundreds of participants to show benefit above statistical “background noise.” Keep this in mind regarding all of the negative trials described below. A small study can fail to find benefit, but it cannot actually prove lack of benefit.
Some studies have compared acupuncture to other therapies, such as physical therapy or massage . Trials of this kind are good for determining relative cost effectiveness, but they cannot be taken as proof of efficacy for one simple reason: these other therapies have never been proven effective themselves.
Numerous acupuncture studies failed to use placebo treatment or had no control group at all. Such studies prove nothing and generally are not reported here.
There is one additional problem in evaluating the evidence for acupuncture: Many of the studies were performed in China, and there is evidence of systematic bias in the Chinese medical literature. 5 In 1998, researchers evaluating the acupuncture studies from China discovered that every one found acupuncture effective. This led them to look further into other Chinese medical research. Review of controlled trials involving other therapies, including standard drugs, showed that Chinese trials reported positive results 99% of the time. Although some bias exists in all medical publications, this finding suggests a particularly high rate of bias in the Chinese research record. A subsequent analysis in 2007 continued to find grossly inadequate standards of rigor in Chinese studies of Chinese medicine. 259
Given all the above caveats, the following sections address the science regarding acupuncture. They begin with conditions in which acupuncture research has been mostly positive, continue with those for which the record is mixed, and conclude with those in which the tested form of acupuncture has not proved effective. Note that we also include studies of acupressure and electroacupuncture.

Evidence-based Uses

Nausea and VomitingAnesthesia-induced NauseaNausea and Vomiting of PregnancyOther Forms of Nausea
Numerous studies have evaluated treatment on a single acupuncture point—P6—traditionally thought to be effective for relief of various forms of nausea and vomiting. This point is located on the inside of the forearm, about 2 inches above the wrist crease. Most studies have investigated the effects of pressure on this point (acupressure) rather than needling. The most common methods involve a wristband with a pearl-sized bead in it situated over P6. The band exerts pressure on the bead while it is worn, and the user can press on the bead for extra stimulation.
Although the research record is mixed, on balance it appears that P6 stimulation offers at least modest benefits for nausea. This approach has been studied in anesthesia-induced nausea and other forms of nausea.
General anesthetics and other medications used for surgery frequently cause nausea. Many controlled studies involving women who have had gynecologic surgery found that P6 stimulation of various types reduced postsurgical nausea compared to placebo. 6-11,119,138,145,319 ,345
On the negative side, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 410 women undergoing gynecologic surgery failed to find P6 acupressure more effective than fake acupressure (both were more effective than no treatment). 139 A small trial of acupuncture in gynecological surgery also failed to find benefit, 12 as did three studies of acupressure for women undergoing C-section. 146,187-188
Studies of acupuncture or acupressure in other forms of surgery have produced about as many negative results as positive ones. 13-20,120,189,292,405
A 2004 review of the entire literature regarding P6 stimulation for postoperative nausea found a total of 26 studies. 147 All of these studies suffered from significant flaws; however, on balance the reviewers found that stimulation of P6 does reduce postoperative nausea as compared to placebo. Similarly, a 2008 review of 6 placebo-controlled trials investigating the effectiveness of P6 stimulation on nausea and vomiting both during and after cesarean section found some benefit, though the authors concluded that the results were largely inconsistent. 297
One particularly interesting aspect of studies of acupressure for postsurgical nausea is that here a single-blind study is probably as good as a double-blind study. If the acupressure wrist band is not put on till after anesthesia has begun, no amount of confidence or lack of it by the practitioner is likely to alter the placebo effect experienced by the unconscious patient. Thus, studies of acupressure/acupuncture for this condition have a higher potential validity than studies for any of the other conditions listed below. The fact that benefits have been seen strongly suggests that stimulation of P6 does in fact affect nausea. That there is no clear physiological reason why this should be so makes this an intriguing finding, even if the benefit is too slight to make much real difference in postoperative care.
Several controlled studies have evaluated the benefits of acupressure or acupuncture in the nausea and vomiting of pregnancy , commonly called morning sickness. The results for acupressure, though not acupuncture, have generally been positive. 229
For example, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 97 women found evidence that wristband acupressure may work. 21 Participants wore either a real wristband or a phony one that appeared identical. Both real and fake acupressure caused noticeable improvement in more than half of the participants. However, women using the real wristband showed better results in terms of the duration of nausea. Intensity of the nausea symptoms was not significantly different between groups.
These results are consistent with other studies of acupressure for morning sickness, 23,24,140,148,190 though two studies failed to find benefit for severe morning sickness. 149,191
However, one large trial of acupuncture instead of acupressure failed to find benefit. This single-blind, placebo-controlled study of 593 pregnant women with morning sickness compared the effects of traditional acupuncture, acupuncture at P6 only, acupuncture at “wrong” points (sham acupuncture), and no treatment. 121 As noted earlier, the placebo effect of acupuncture can be very strong. Women in all three treatment groups (including the fake acupuncture group) showed significant improvements in nausea and dry retching compared to the no-treatment group. However, neither form of real acupuncture proved markedly more effective than fake acupuncture. In a review of 8 trials involving over 1,200 pregnant women, there was no reliable evidence that acupressure or acupuncture reduced nausea and vomiting. 339 One of these studies involving 230 pregnant women, though, did find that nausea improved over time with the use of electrostimulation, in which a mild electrical current passes to the acupuncture point.
A single-blind, placebo-controlled study found acupressure helpful for motion sickness , 26 though a similar study did not. 150
A single-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 104 people undergoing high-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer found that electrical stimulation on P6 significantly reduced episodes of vomiting. 27 A small study in children receiving chemotherapy for a variety of cancers suggested that acupuncture may reduce the need for antinausea medication. 302 Similar improvements were seen in four other studies of acupuncture or acupressure in patients having chemotherapy or radiation . 28, 248,258,321 In a small sham-controlled study, acupressure wristbands showed promise, although the benefit seen just missed the conventional cutoff for statistical significance. 137 However, equivocal or absent effectiveness were seen in three other studies of wristbands, 151,152, 192 and one study failed to find more benefit with real acupuncture than fake acupuncture. 153
Tendonitis
Several small controlled studies have found acupuncture helpful for tendonitis . For example, a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 52 people with rotator cuff (shoulder) tendonitis found evidence that acupuncture is more effective than placebo. 29 In another study, 117 people with rotator cuff injury (including tendonitis) were randomized to receive corticosteroid injections plus exercise or 10 acupuncture treatments plus exercise. 394 Both groups experienced similar improvements in shoulder function and pain. Finally, in a sizable randomized trial, 425 patients receiving physical therapy for their persistent shoulder pain were divided into two groups: one received single-point acupuncture while the other received a sham treatment (mock transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) for three weeks. The acupuncture group showed significant improvement over the control group one week after treatment. 276 However, not all studies have been positive. In a small trial of 32 patients with rotator cuff tendonitis, acupuncture was no better than placebo TENS (transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation) when added to exercise. 194
Benefits were also seen in four other studies of people with shoulder or elbow tendonitis. 30,31,123,193 In a study of 82 people with elbow tendonitis, deep acupuncture was more effective than shallow acupuncture placebo in the short term, but by 3 months there was no difference between the groups. 141 A comparative trial of 20 people found weak evidence that electroacupuncture may be more effective than ordinary acupuncture for elbow tendonitis. 129 A 2004 systematic review found a total of five positive controlled studies on acupuncture for tennis elbow and concluded that "strong evidence" supports the use of acupuncture for this condition. 154 However, this characterization of the evidence as strong would seem to be premature. For the reasons described in the beginning of this section, virtually all studies of acupuncture are single-blind, and such studies (except when performed on anesthetized patients) cannot exclude the possible effect of confidence conveyed by practitioners performing valid treatment as compared to lack of confidence by those delivering sham treatment. Two other trials failed to find laser acupuncture effective as compared to either sham 142 or other comparable treatments in patients with elbow tendonitis. 269 Moreover, 8 sessions of true acupuncture were no better than sham acupuncture in 123 subjects treated for persistent arm pain due to repetitive use. 273
Pregnancy Support
As noted above , acupuncture has shown some promise for reducing symptoms of morning sickness. This treatment has additionally been studied for aiding other aspects of pregnancy.
A number of studies, including a 2011 review of 13 trials, found evidence that acupuncture is helpful in reducing labor pain . 74,75,156,239,382,387 In a study involving 212 women in active labor, researchers found that, in countries where epidural anesthesia is not available, acupuncture can help to reduce pain compared to standard care early in labor. 346
Not all of the evidence supports the use of acupuncture for labor pain, though. For example, in one study, sterile water injections were found to be more effective than acupuncture for lower back pain and relaxation during labor. It is unclear whether or not the patients in the study knew which treatment they were receiving at the time. 271 In a placebo-controlled trial and one review of 10 mostly low quality trials, real acupuncture was no better than sham acupuncture in relieving pelvic pain during pregnancy prior to labor. 303,334 Along the same lines, a study involving 105 women giving birth to their first baby found no differences in the need for pain relief between real or sham acupuncture. 375
A study of 45 pregnant women found that use of acupuncture on the expected birth due date significantly sped up the actual date of delivery. 124 However, this trial used a no-treatment control group instead of sham acupuncture. Another study that failed to use sham treatment found minimal evidence that use of acupuncture may help stimulate normal term labor. 228 A study of 106 women evaluated whether acupuncture can speed up delivery after prelabor rupture of membranes (“water breaking” too early), and failed to find benefit. 263 However, again no adequate control group was used; this is equally a problem for a negative as for a positive study. Finally, in a placebo-controlled trial, real acupuncture administered for 2 days prior to a planned induction of labor (artificial stimulation of labor) was no better than sham acupuncture at preventing the need for induction or shortening the time of labor. 308
Acupuncture has also been studied for converting breech presentation of the unborn infant to normal positioning. In a study of 240 women at 33 to 35 weeks gestation, acupuncture combined with moxibustion caused the breech presentation to convert in 54% of women, while only 37% of women in the no-treatment control converted. 157 Yet again, placebo acupuncture would have been better than no treatment. A much smaller study also found benefits with acupressure. 158 In 2008, researchers published a review of 6 randomized controlled trials that investigated acupuncture-like therapies (moxibustion, acupuncture, or electro-acupuncture) applied to a specific point (BL 67). They concluded that these therapies were effective at decreasing the incidence of breech presentations at the time of delivery. 284 Again, however, not all of these studies employed a sham acupuncture group for comparison.
According to a small, randomized trial, acupuncture may also help to reduce pain after labor in women undergoing an episiotomy. 389
Osteoarthritis
Acupuncture has shown inconsistent benefit as a treatment for osteoarthritis . 118,126,143,155,195-96,223,243-246,249,257,286,404 While the results of numerous smaller studies suggest that acupuncture is an effective treatment for osteoarthritis (of the knee, in particular), larger studies have generally found it be no more effective than sham (fake) acupuncture.
A 2006 meta-analysis (systematic statistical review) of studies on acupuncture for osteoarthritis found 8 trials that were similar enough to be considered together. 245 A total of 2,362 people were enrolled in these studies. The authors of the meta-analysis concluded that acupuncture should be regarded as an effective treatment for osteoarthritis.
However, as it happens, one study comprised almost half of all the people considered in this meta-analysis, and it failed to find real acupuncture more effective than sham acupuncture. In this study, 1,007 people with knee osteoarthritis were given either real acupuncture, fake acupuncture, or standard therapy over six weeks. 221 Though both real acupuncture and fake acupuncture were more effective than no acupuncture, there was no significant difference in benefits between the two acupuncture groups. In general, larger studies are more reliable than small ones. For this reason, it is always somewhat questionable when meta-analysis combines one very large negative study and a number of smaller positive ones to come up with a positive outcome.
Another review, published in 2007, nuanced its conclusions differently. 255 It concluded that real acupuncture produces distinct benefits in osteoarthritis as compared to no treatment, but that fake acupuncture is very effective for osteoarthritis too. When comparing real acupuncture to fake acupuncture, the difference in outcome—while it might possibly be statistically significant—is so trivial as to make no difference in real life. In other words, virtually all of the benefit of acupuncture for osteoarthritis is a placebo effect.
A similar effect was found in another review of 11 randomized trials. Acupuncture decreased pain in people with osteoarthritis pain compared to those who had sham acupuncture or no treatment. Follow-up ranged from 1-12 months. 407
We might add that the apparent slight statistical difference between real and fake acupuncture could easily have been due to problems of single-blind studies, as discussed earlier . To review, acupuncturists who know they are performing real acupuncture may subconsciously convey more confidence to their patients than those who know they are performing fake acupuncture. The history of medical studies makes it clear that such unconscious communications can greatly affect results; since, in fact, the evidence shows only a minute difference between the results of real and fake acupuncture, it is quite possible that this transmission of confidence (or lack of it) is the entire cause of the difference, and that the specific techniques and theories of acupuncture themselves play no role at all.
Headache
Acupuncture has shown some promise for various types of headaches, including migraines and tension headaches; however, the research record remains mixed, and the best designed studies have generally failed to find benefit. 39-41,42-44,130-134,137,159,199-202,260,265,270,327,392,397,398
In a 2008 analysis of 5 randomized controlled trials that were considered highest in quality, researchers determined that real acupuncture has limited benefit over sham acupuncture for tension headache. 281 Subsequently, in a large randomized trial involving 3,182 headache patients, the group that received 15 acupuncture sessions over 3 months experienced significantly fewer headache days and less pain compared to the group receiving usual care. 288 However, there was no placebo group. A 2011 review of 16 randomized trials involving 1,535 migraine sufferers compared acupuncture with conventional treatment. 398 Acupuncture appeared to be more effective than conventional treatment, but there were a number of problems with the studies. For example, there was no consistent definition of conventional treatment or measures of effect.
Another study, though, found more persuasive evidence for migraines. 397 In this study, 140 migraine sufferers were randomized to receive acupuncture plus placebo or sham acupuncture plus flunarizine (a medication used to prevent migraines). At 16 weeks, those in the acupuncture and placebo group experienced more migraine-free days than the sham acupuncture and medication group. A drawback of this study is that flunarizine is not a commonly used medication for migraine prevention.
In a review of five randomized trials with 3,962 patients, acupuncture was effective in reducing migraine and tension-type headache pain when compared to patients receiving no acupuncture. However, four randomized trials comparing acupunture to sham acupuncture among 1,414 patients showed mixed results. Two trials found significant pain reduction and two did not.407
Neck Pain
A 2006 review of the literature found 10 controlled studies of acupuncture for chronic neck pain. 238 The pooled results suggest that acupuncture may be more effective than fake acupuncture, at least in the short term. However, the overall quality of the studies was low. Other randomized trials have found that real acupuncture (versus placebo treatment) improved the quality of life in people with chronic neck pain. 377,390
Interestingly, in a study of 177 people with chronic neck pain, fake acupuncture proved more effective than massage! 46 In a pilot study, 10 weeks of acupuncture combined with physical therapy appeared to be more effective than either acupuncture or physical therapy alone for chronic neck pain, at least over the short-term. 294
There has been some study of acupuncture for acute neck pain; however, in one of the best of these studies, use of laser acupuncture failed to provide benefit for whiplash injuries. 198 In another study, 124 people with chronic or acute whiplash were randomized to receive 12 sessions of real or sham electroacupuncture. 381 While those receiving real electroacupunture did have less pain, the results were not clinically significant, and there were no improvements in disability or quality of life.
Dental Procedures
The evidence regarding acupuncture treatment of dental pain is mixed. A literature review published in 1998 identified four meaningful studies on acupuncture for reducing pain during dental procedures. 48 Three of the studies found positive results, but the largest (with 110 participants) found no benefit. 49 It was largely on the basis of this review that acupuncture was discussed in the media as a “proven” treatment for dental pain. However, these mixed results hardly constitute proof.
More recent studies have also shown mixed results. 50,247 At present, therefore, the available evidence does not provide a reliable basis for concluding that acupuncture is effective for dental pain.
Chemical Dependency
Although some animal studies suggest that ear acupuncture or electroacupuncture may have some benefits for chemical dependency , 64,65 study results in humans have been mixed at best, with the largest studies reporting no benefits.
For example, while benefits were seen in a much smaller single-blind trial, 67 a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial that evaluated 620 cocaine-dependent adults found acupuncture no more effective than sham acupuncture or relaxation training. 117 Similarly, a single-blind, placebo-controlled study enrolling 236 residential clients found no benefit for cocaine addiction from ear acupuncture. 66 Finally, in a placebo-controlled trial involving 83 people addicted to drugs attending a methadone detoxification clinic, the addition of ear acupuncture did not improve withdrawal symptoms or cravings. 310 Methadone, a relatively weak narcotic, is commonly used to treat narcotic addition over the long-term.
The situation is much the same for alcohol addiction . A single-blind, placebo-controlled study of 503 alcoholics failed to find evidence of benefit with 3 weeks of ear acupuncture. 125 In addition, a 10-week, single-blind, placebo-controlled study of 72 alcoholics found no difference in drinking patterns or cravings between sham acupuncture and real acupuncture groups. 68 There are two other small trials that also failed to find significant benefits. 161-162,242 However, one single-blind trial of 54 people did find some evidence of improvement. 69
A single-blind, controlled trial of 100 people with heroin addiction evaluated the potential benefits of ear acupuncture. 70 However, a high dropout rate makes the results difficult to interpret.
In a 1999 meta-analysis of 12 placebo-controlled trials, acupuncture was not found more effective than sham acupuncture for smoking cessation . 71 An observer-blind, sham-controlled study of 330 adolescent smokers also found no benefit. 72 A 2011 analysis of 12 trials (involving over 2,000 people) found that the people who received real acupuncture had more short-term success in quitting smoking compared to those in the sham group. However, over the long-term, there was no difference between the groups. 343 From other studies in the same analysis, researchers also found no evidence that acupuncture was more effective, over the short- or long-term, than nicotine replacement therapy (eg, gum or patch) or psychological interventions. 343
A review of 6 randomized controlled trials with 823 patients found acupuncture was over 3 times more effective than sham acupuncture for smoking cessation. The patients were only followed for an average of 6-12 months, highlighting that acupuncture is more successful in the short-term. 406
While most addiction studies involve ear acupuncture, a randomized trial compared real versus sham acupuncture on body points. The study found no difference in quit rates, depression, or anxiety. 304 One study found that acupuncture may not be effective on its own, but may (in some unknown manner) increase the effectiveness of stop-smoking education. In this sham-controlled study of 141 adults, acupuncture plus education was twice as effective as sham acupuncture plus education and four times as effective as acupuncture alone. 59 However, these benefits were only seen in the short term. At long-term follow-ups, the relative advantage of acupuncture disappeared.
Back Pain
Thus far, research has not produced convincing evidence that acupuncture is effective for back pain . Many studies widely cited as providing such evidence were actually invalid due to lack of a proper control group. 163-164 There is no doubt that people with back pain given acupuncture report benefits, but the problem is that people given fake acupuncture also experience benefits, often to a similar degree. In a review of 23 randomized trials involving over 6,000 patients with chronic low back, researchers concluded that acupuncture is more effective than no treatment for short-term pain relief, but there was no significant difference between the effects of true and sham acupuncture. 307 They also found that acupuncture can be a useful addition to conventional therapies.
A 6-month patient- and observer-blind trial of 1,162 people with back pain compared real acupuncture, fake acupuncture, and conventional therapy. 261 Both real and fake acupuncture proved to be twice as effective as conventional therapy according to the measures used. However, there was only a minimal difference between real and fake acupuncture. These results do not, in fact, indicate that acupuncture is effective per se; rather, it shows the significant power of acupuncture as a placebo.
Similarly, in a single-blind, controlled study (using sham acupuncture and no treatment) of 298 people with chronic back pain, use of real acupuncture failed to prove significantly more effective than sham acupuncture. 203 Also, in a fairly large randomized trial involving 638 adults with chronic back pain, there was no difference in pain at one year in patients receiving real compared to fake acupuncture (with neither group improving significantly over standard care). Both real and sham acupuncture were, however, associated with improved function at one year. Other studies enrolling a total of over 300 people have also failed to find benefit. 28,81-82,204
A trial compared the effects of acupuncture, massage, and education (such as videotapes on back care) in 262 people with chronic back pain over a 10-week period. 83 The exact type of acupuncture and massage was left to practitioners, but only 10 visits were permitted. At the 10-week point, evaluations showed benefit with massage but not with acupuncture. One year later, massage and education were nearly equivalent, and both were superior to acupuncture.
One small study found chiropractic spinal manipulation more effective than anti-inflammatory medication or acupuncture for low back pain. 165
In another trial, acupressure-style massage was found to be more effective for back pain than Swedish massage. 84 However, Swedish massage has not been proven effective for back pain, so this does not prove that acupressure-style massage is effective.
Two single-blind, placebo-controlled trials, one with 30 participants and another with 60, also failed to find evidence of benefit. 85,86
Two studies did find possible slight benefits with electrical acupuncture for chronic low back pain. 166-167 An additional study found acupressure more effective than physical therapy for low back pain, 168 and another found some potential benefit with electric acupuncture.
Low level laser therapy (LLLT) is a technique similar to electro-acupuncture that uses precision laser energy instead of electricity conducted through a needle. In a detailed review of 7 randomized trials, researchers were unable to draw any conclusions regarding the effectivenes of LLLT for nonspecific low back pain. 278
Several other studies have compared acupuncture to other treatments for back pain, such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), physical therapy, and chiropractic care, and found them equally effective. 87-91 However, because TENS, physical therapy, and chiropractic care have not been proven effective for back pain, studies of this type cannot be taken as evidence that acupuncture is effective. One study did find acupressure massage more effective than standard physical therapy; however, it was performed in a Chinese population that may have had more faith in this traditional approach than in physical therapy. 205
Menstrual Pain
One small double-blind, placebo-controlled study found real acupuncture more effective than sham acupuncture for menstrual pain . 35 (This study used nonacupuncturists given real or fake acupuncture protocols to apply, unbeknownst to them.) In addition, a controlled study of 61 women evaluated the effects of a special garment designed to stimulate acupuncture points related to menstrual pain. 76 Unfortunately, in this latter study, researchers chose to compare treatment to no treatment, rather than to sham treatment. For this reason, the results (which were positive) mean little.
In yet another trial, a seed-pressure method of auricular acupressure appeared to improve menstrual pain compared to sham auricular acupressure in 74 women. 318 The potentially inadequate blinding of participants in this study, however, may have limited these results. Indeed, in a review of 30 controlled trials on menstrual pain, researchers were unable to draw conclusions about the effectiveness of acupuncture and similar treatments for menstrual pain due to widespread study design problems. 305 While a review of 27 trials with 2,960 patients concluded that acupuncture might be more effective than medications or herbs for relieving menstrual pain, the studies were of limited quality. 329
A smaller, but more recent review from 2011 included 6 acupuncture trials involving 673 women and 4 acupressure trials involving 271 women. 341 Acupuncture was associated with pain relief when compared to a placebo (sham) control, anti-inflammatory medication (NSAIDs), and Chinese herbs. Similarly, acupressure was associated with symptom improvement when compared to placebo. As in previous reviews, however, researchers found enough weaknesses in the trials to recommended the need for more high-quality studies.
Stroke
Acupuncture is widely used in China for treatment of acute stroke . A few controlled studies have been published over the last 10 years, but the best-designed and largest studies failed to find benefit. 97,127,169,206-207,279,290,344
For example, a single-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 104 people who had just experienced a stroke failed to find any benefit with 10 weeks of twice-weekly acupuncture. 97 Similarly, a single-blind, controlled study of 150 people recovering from stroke compared acupuncture (including electro-acupuncture), high-intensity muscle stimulation, and sham treatment. All participants received 20 treatments over a 10-week period. Neither acupuncture nor muscle stimulation produced any benefits. 114 A 10-week study of 106 people, which provided a total of 35 traditional acupuncture sessions, also failed to find benefit. 127 Also, 92 patients who received either 12 acupuncture treatments or a comparable sham (fake) treatment demonstrated the same level of improvement up to one year later. 279 Finally, a 2011 systematic review, which included 10 randomized trials and 711 patients who had a stroke, failed to find evidence that acupuncture (compared to sham treatment) helped with recovery. 344
A few studies did find benefit, but they were very small, and some did not use a placebo group. 98-101 One trial of 62 patients found that a 3-week program of transcutaneous electrical stimulation of acupuncture points (beginning about 9 days after stroke) improved muscle tone and strength in the affected leg. 316
A large review including 56 mostly poor quality trials reported that acupuncture may benefit post-stroke rehabilitation (based on an analysis of 38 trials), 328 and another review of 9 trials found limited evidence in support of moxibustion for stroke rehabilitation. 335 Another systematic review focusing on scalp acupuncture did find positive results. 401 The review included 7 randomized trials that compared scalp acupuncture to conventional treatment in 230 stroke patients. Those who were in the acupuncture group had fewer neurological problems compared to the patients who had standard care. These kinds of trials, however, cannot be blinded (ie, patients know whether or not they have received acupuncture).
Surgery Support
Acupuncture has been explored as a means of reducing pain after surgery with encouraging but not unequivocal results. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 42 people undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery found that the use of acupuncture during surgery did not reduce pain levels during the subsequent 24 hours. 54 Another double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of 50 women undergoing hysterectomy found no benefit with electroacupuncture, 55 and a double-blind study of 71 people undergoing abdominal surgery failed to find acupressure helpful. 60
However, some benefits of acupressure were reported in a single-blind trial of 40 patients undergoing arthroscopic knee surgery. 56 A small randomized trial involving 22 patients found that preoperative electroacupuncture, compared to sham transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), reduced pain and the need for pain medication after cardiac surgery. 384 In addition, a special form of needle insertion called intradermal acupuncture reduced postsurgical pain in 107 people undergoing abdominal surgery. 38 Ear acupuncture has also shown promise. 215,237,375 For example, in an analysis of 5 trials, patients who received ear acupuncture (auricotherapy) did not use pain medication as much as those in the control groups (sham auriculotheapy, placebo, or usual care). 376 Additionally, in a 2008 review of 15 randomized controlled trial, researchers determined that acupuncture (of the ear and other acupuncture points) is capable of reducing pain and the need for opioid medications (morphine and related agents) immediately following surgery compared with sham acupuncture. 283
Acupuncture has also been studied as a potential treatment for other surgery-related problems. For example, gastroparesis is a common complication of abdominal surgery. With this condition, the stomach is unable to properly empty its contents after eating. In a controlled trial, 63 people who underwent abdominal surgery were randomized to receive acupuncture or a standard medication used to treat gastroparesis (metoclopramide given intravenously 3 times a day).402 According to the researchers, those in the acupuncture group experienced a higher cure rate.

Other Studied Uses

Musculoskeletal Pain
Bee venom acupuncture (BVA), which involves the injection of diluted bee venom directly into acupoints, has been used for the treatment of pain. A recent analysis of four well-designed, randomized trials, comparing bee venom plus classic acupuncture against saline injection plus classic acupuncture, found that the BVA-classic acupuncture combination was significantly more effective for musculoskeletal pain. 272
Insomnia
Acupressure and acupuncture have been tried for insomnia with mixed results. A single-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 84 nursing home residents found that real acupressure was superior to sham acupressure for improving sleep quality. 32 Treated participants fell asleep faster and slept more soundly. In a similar study, researchers found that performing acupressure on a single point on both wrists for five weeks improved sleep quality among residents of long-term care facilities compared to lightly touching the same point. . 337 Another single-blind, controlled study reported benefits with acupuncture, but failed to include a proper statistical analysis of the results. 33 For this reason, no conclusions can be drawn from the report. In another trial, 98 people with severe kidney disease were divided into three groups: no extra treatment, 12 sessions of fake acupressure (not using actual acupuncture points), and 12 sessions of real acupressure. 5 Participants receiving real acupressure experienced significantly improved sleep as compared to those receiving no extra treatment. However, fake acupressure was just as effective as real acupressure. In a fourth randomized trial involving 28 women, six weeks of auricular (outer ear) acupuncture was more effective than sham acupuncture. 280 In one study, magnetic pearls used to stimulate acupuncture points in the ear seemed to show some benefit as compared to nonmagnetic stimulation of ear points. 170 A small, single-blind, placebo-controlled study of 60 adults with primary insomnia found that 3 weeks of electroacupuncture improved sleep efficiency and decreased wake time after sleep onset. 320
Acupuncture and acupressure showed some promising results in a review of 33 randomized trials with 2,293 patients ranging in age from 15-98. Needle acupuncture improved sleep quality in 13 trials consisting of 965 patients. However, only two of these trials compared acupuncture to sham acupuncture. In the other 11 trials, needle acupuncture was added to medications or Chinese herbs. Electroacupuncture, acupressure and magnetic acupuncture also showed benefit, but studies were small and limited by methodological shortcomings.411
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
A sham-controlled study found some evidence that acupuncture may be useful for chronic fatigue syndrome . 264
Anesthesia
Although anesthesia apparently performed entirely with acupuncture first raised Western interest in acupuncture, the original demonstrations of acupuncture anesthesia have been discredited. It now appears that if acupuncture has any anesthetic effect at all, it is extremely modest. 214 At most, acupuncture may be capable of slightly decreasing the required dose of general anesthetic necessary to induce anesthesia (but even this has not been consistently seen in studies). 171-173,214,256
Crohn's Disease
One study found possible marginal benefit with acupuncture and moxibustion for the treatment of Crohn's disease . 174
Bladder Infections
A 6-month, single-blind, controlled study of 67 women with frequent bladder infections found that acupuncture therapy reduced the frequency of infection. 34 Another study found that acupuncture may be helpful for hyperactive bladder (frequent need to urinate without the presence of an infection). 208
Allergic Rhinitis
A study of 52 people with allergic rhinitis (hay fever) found that acupuncture plus Traditional Chinese herbal treatment was slightly more effective than fake acupuncture plus fake Chinese herbal treatment. 175 However, another study failed to find acupuncture alone beneficial for allergic rhinitis. 176 Moreover, a carefully conducted review of 7 placebo-controlled trials failed to find convincing evidence for acupuncture’s effectiveness against allergic rhinitis. 277
Bell's Palsy
A Chinese study found that acupuncture plus moxibustion was more effective for Bell's palsy than drug treatment. 177 However, in a review of 6 studies involving 537 Bell's palsy sufferers, researchers could draw no conclusions about the beneficial effects of acupuncture due to poor study quality. 338
Menopause
The evidence has been mixed regarding whether acupuncture is beneficial for menopause . Five small controlled studies reported that acupuncture can improve menopausal symptoms. But, most of these studies suffered from significant problems in design or statistical analysis. 128,178,226, 234,251
Two trials failed to find acupuncture beneficial for hot flashes. 234,282 However, a trial of 175 perimenopausal and postmenopausal women concluded that adding acupuncture to usual care reduced hot flash frequency compared to usual care alone in the first four weeks after treatment. 330 A large randomized trial involving 267 post-menopausal women found that the addition of acupuncture to self-care advice significantly reduced the frequency and intensity of hot flashes in the first 12 weeks. 331,336 However, the benefits were lost 6 months later. In another, similar trial, 81 women were randomized to receive either 12 months of real acupuncture followed by 6 months of sham acupuncture or 6 months of sham followed by 12 months of real acupuncture. 386 After 6 months, the women in the treatment group reported fewer hot flashes compare to those in the sham group. This affect did not last, though. After 12 months, both groups reported a similar frequency of hot flashes.
A review of 6 trials did not find promising results. 315 True acupuncture was no more effective than sham acupuncture for menopause. One small study found no benefit for the psychological distress associated with menopause. 179
Results were similar in a small single-blind randomized trial of 54 women. Acupuncture was compared to sham acupuncture for hot flashes in peri-menopausal and post-menopausal women. There was no difference between the groups in a combined measure of hot flash frequency and severity 8 weeks after treatment ended.410
Cancer Support
Another small placebo-controlled study in breast cancer patients suffering from hot flashes due to their treatments suggested some benefit for acupuncture, though the results were inconclusive for similar reasons. 299 However, another study did not find acupuncture effective in these patients, 267 and a 2008 review of all existing studies on the subject concluded that the evidence does not support a beneficial effect for acupuncture in breast cancer patients suffering from hot flashes. 306
Acupuncture has been studied for use in cancer treatment support. In a small randomized trial of 43 breast cancer patients, 6 weeks of acupuncture twice-weekly reduced joint pain attributed to aromatase-inhibitor therapy. 325 Another small randomized trial of 70 patients found that acupuncture may decrease dry mouth and pain after neck dissection for cancer treatment. 332
A systematic review of 3 randomized trials involving 123 people with head and neck cancer found that real acupuncture was more effective than sham acupuncture in reducing the risk of dry mouth (xerostomia) due to radiation therapy. 379 A subsequent study also supports the use of acupuncture in reducing dry mouth in such patients. But, unlike the previous trial, this one compared acupuncture to standard care (rather than to sham treatment). 391
Many cancer patients suffer unrelenting pain, which is often challenging to effectively treat while maintaining an acceptable quality of life. Researchers reviewed 3 small, randomized trials involving 204 patients on the effectiveness of acupuncture for cancer-related pain. 340 The authors concluded that there was insufficient evidence to say whether or not that acupuncture is helpful in relieving this type of pain. More high-quality studies are needed.
People with cancer often experience fatigue. Acupuncture has shown a bit of promise for improving this symptom. 266
Fibromyalgia
A 2006 review of acupuncture for treatment of fibromyalgia found five controlled studies, none of which were of high quality. 235 The autors of another review of 7 trials were unable to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture for fibromylgia due to the unreliability of the studiies. 324 Overall, the results do not provide reliable evidence that acupuncture is helpful.
Depression, Anxiety, and Stress
Evidence for acupuncture’s effectiveness for depression has been mixed. In a study of 151 depressed patients, twelve sessions of acupuncture failed to prove more effective than fake acupuncture. 236 However, another sham-acupuncture controlled trial evaluated 43 people with depression and 13 people with generalized anxiety disorder . 80 The results suggest that 10 (but not 5) acupuncture sessions can significantly improve symptoms. One study of 80 patients with major depressive disorder found that adding acupuncture to a lower dose of antidepressant (fluoxetine) improved anxiety and had a similar overall therapeutic effect as sham acupuncture with a higher dose of antidepressant. 322 In a mathmatical review of the results of 8 randomized trials, the impact of acupuncture on depression was unconvincing. 285 However, in another review of 20 trials involving 2,000 patients with major depression, real acupunture's effectiveness was comparable to that of antidepressants, but was no more effective than sham acupuncture for this population. 336
Another trial compared real and sham ear acupuncture in healthy people and found some evidence that real acupuncture can relieve normal daily stress . 111
Impotence
A small study found acupuncture more effective than sham acupuncture for impotence . 180
Premenstrual Syndrome
A 2010 review of 9 mostly poor quality trials determined that there is currently insufficient evidence to conclude that acupuncture is effective for premenstrual syndrome. 333
In vitro fertilization
Although open trials appeared to show benefit, 211-212 at least 3 controlled studies failed to find acupuncture helpful for improving the success rate of in vitro fertilization (IVF). 213,274,314 A 2008 analysis of 7 randomized trials found that, on balance, acupuncture may significantly improve the odds of pregnancy in patients undergoing IVF. However, since not all of these studies used sham (fake) acupuncture as a control, the reliability of this conclusion is questionable. 275 Moreover, a second analysis in the same year of 13 randomized controls trials investigating the effectiveness of acupuncture in 2,500 women undergoing a specialized IVF procedure, in which sperm is injected directly into the egg, found no evidence of any benefit. 289 But the story does not end here. In a subsequent review of 13 trials, a different group of researchers concluded that acupuncture may improve the success rate of IVF, but only if it is used on the day of embryo transfer (when the fertilized egg is placed into the womb). 300 According to this study, acupuncture is not effective when used up to 3 days after embryo transfer or when eggs are being retrieved from the ovaries.
Temporomandibular Joint
Acupuncture may be more effective than sham acupuncture and as effective as standard treatments for temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain . 52, 233, 326 One study of 110 people with pain found acupuncture at least as effective as standard occlusal splint therapy. 53 Another small study involving 40 patients with TMJ pain, however, found no difference between placebo and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) directed at painful points; both groups benefited equally. 296 However, in a double-blind, randomized trial comparing real LLLT with sham LLLT, the real therapy was more effective for TMJ pain after 8 sessions. 311 Instead of needles, low-level laser therapy involves the use of laser energy directed on or off acupuncture points.
Weight Loss
Although acupuncture is widely used for weight loss , there is only weak, inconsistent evidence that it works. 112,113,116,216
Ulcerative Colitis
Acupuncture has shown some promise for reducing symptoms of ulcerative colitis225 and also sleep apnea. 231
Sports Performance
A single-blind trial tested acupuncture on a group of 36 healthy young men and found some evidence of improvement in sports performance . 95 However, a single-blind, controlled study of 48 people found that use of acupuncture did not reduce muscle soreness caused by exercise . 105
Psoriasis
Although case reports suggest that acupuncture might be helpful for psoriasis , 135 a controlled trial failed to find acupuncture more effective than fake acupuncture. 136
Kidney Disease
One study purportedly found that acupressure reduced fatigue in people with severe kidney disease. 181 In fact, it found that both sham acupuncture and real acupuncture reduced fatigue as compared to no treatment, but that real acupuncture was not more effective than fake acupuncture.
Parkinson's Disease
One study found minimal benefits for Parkinson’s disease . 182 Another study failed to find any benefits. 217 In two comprehensive reviews of multiple clinical trials, independent sets of researchers concluded that there was currently no well established evidence for acupuncture’s effectiveness in this condition. 287,291
Vocal Cord Dysfunction
A Chinese study reported that acupuncture is helpful for vocal cord dysfunction. 220
Chronic Prostatitis
A study that reported acupuncture's benefits for chronic prostatitis failed to use a control group and is, therefore, meaningless. 241 However, another study found that real acupuncture was more effective than sham acupuncture at reducing the symptoms of chronic prostatitis both during treatment and for a 6-month period following treatment. 268 Another study suggested that electroacupuncture may improve symptoms in men with chronic prostatitis (or a related condition called chronic pelvic pain syndrome), but this study was very small. 317
Shingles
After an acute attack of shingles, pain may linger for months or years, causing what is known as post-herpetic neuralgia . A single-blind, placebo-controlled study of 62 people with pain of this type failed to find any benefit with acupuncture. 94
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Two separate groups of researchers conducting detailed reviews of 8 randomized controlled trials found some beneficial effects of acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis , but were unconvinced that it was more beneficial than sham acupuncture or other standard treatments. 293,295
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Acupuncture has also been studied as a treatment for carpal tunnel syndrome , a common nerve disorder affecting the wrist and hand. Over a 4-week period, 77 people with mild to moderate carpal tunnel syndrome were randomized to receive medication (prednisolone) or 8 sessions of acupuncture. 380 During the 7-month and 13-month follow-ups, those in the acupuncture group reported a greater improvement in their symptoms compared to the medication group. 342 In addition, researchers analyzed 6 low-quality, randomized trials investigating acupuncture (and similar therapies) for CTS. In two of those trials (144 subjects), acupuncture was slightly better at improving symptoms than cortisone (steroid) injections, a standard treatment for CTS. 347
Asthma
There have been numerous reports about acupuncture treatment for asthma , 57,61 but most published studies are of low quality, with results being contradictory at best. 62,63,183 One study failed to find acupuncture helpful for shortness of breath associated with advanced cancer. 218
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Researchers have studied the potential benefits of acupuncture in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Sixty-eight adults were randomized to receive real or sham acupuncture once a week for 12 weeks.403 Those who received the real treatment experienced less shortness of breath after an exercise test compared to the control group.
HIV
Peripheral neuropathy (nerve pain in the extremities) is a common complaint in HIV infection. A placebo-controlled trial of 239 people with HIV found acupuncture no more effective than placebo in peripheral neuropathy. 92 Interestingly, the study also tested drug therapy for peripheral neuropathy and found it ineffective, as well.
Gastrointestinal (GI) problems, like diarrhea and nausea, are common side effects for people with HIV who are receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). One hundred and thirty HIV patients on HAART were randomized to receive 1 of 4 treatments: acupuncture plus relaxation therapy , acupuncture plus health education, sham acupuncture plus relaxation therapy, or sham acupuncture plus health education. After 4 weeks of treatment, the people in the acupuncture plus relaxation group experienced a greater improvement in their GI symptoms compared to the other groups.
High Blood Pressure
A substantial study (192 participants) failed to find acupuncture more helpful than fake acupuncture for high blood pressure . 230 However, another study, this one enrolling 160 people, did report benefit. 252 A much smaller study also reported benefits, 250 but there were problems in its statistical analysis. In a review of 11 randomized controlled trials on the subject, researchers determined that acupuncture’s ability to lower blood pressure remains inconclusive. 309
Epilepsy
Acupuncture is probably not effective for epilepsy . A single-blind, controlled trial of individualized acupuncture for 34 people with severe epilepsy found no benefit, 96 and subsequently, a comprehensive review of 11 studies found no reliable evidence of its effectiveness. 301
Raynaud's Phenomenon
A small study found no benefit with standardized acupuncture for Raynaud's phenomenon . 253
Colonoscopy
One controlled study failed to find electroacupuncture effective for reducing discomfort during colonoscopy. 25
Spinal Cord Injuries
A controlled study purportedly found acupuncture helpful for speeding recover in people with spinal cord injuries, but it failed to use a sham-acupuncture control group. 22
Tinnitus
Several controlled and open trials of acupuncture for tinnitus (ringing in the ear) found no benefit. 102,103,378
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
A number of studies, including systematic reviews, have not found strong evidence to support the use of acupuncture for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). 51,115,219,313,399,400 The most recent review included 17 trials involving 1,806 people and compared real acupuncture to a range of control groups, such as sham acupunture, psychotherapy, medication, among others. 400 In the 5 trials that included real versus sham acupuncture, there were no significant differences between the two treatment groups on IBS symptoms. Other trials with a placebo control showed a positive effect, though. For example, people receiving acupuncture treatments reported more symptom relief compared to those receiving psychotherapy or medication. The researchers highlighted the need for more studies.
Nursing
In a placebo-controlled trial, 60 nursing women received needle acupuncture, 56 women received laser acupuncture, and 60 women received placebo acupuncture. 104 The results showed no differences in milk production. In a subsequent trial, 90 women were randomized to receive acupuncture (twice weekly for 3 weeks) or observation. 388 Those in the acupuncture group were better able to maintain breast-feeding for the first 3 months compared to the control group. The lack of a placebo control in the latter trial, however, means the two studies are not comparable.
Colic
In one small study, light needling at one acupuncture point on both hands was more effective than no needling among 40 infants with colic . 298
Glaucoma
In a small trial, 33 people with glaucoma (a condition characterized by abnormally elevated pressure inside the eye) were randomized to receive real auricular acupressure (with massage) or sham acupressure (without massage). 383 At weeks 3 and 4, subjects in the acupressure group did have an initial improvement in their intraoccular pressure. At weeks 2-4, their visual acuity also improved. However, the results did not last long, and there were no significant differences between the two groups.
Autistic Spectrum Disorder
A review of 10 trials focused on the use of acupuncture as a potential treatment for autistic spectrum disorder . 385 Three hundred and ninety children and teens (aged 3-18 years old) with autism received treatment from 4 weeks to 9 months. Some of the trials compared real acupuncture to a sham version, while other trials compared acupuncture and traditional treatment plus traditional treatment alone. The authors concluded that there was not enough evidence to support the use of acupuncture to improve the core symptoms of autism (eg, impaired social interactions or thought processes).
Cardiac Arrhythmia
Preliminary evidence suggests that acupuncture may help prevent abnormal heart rhythms in people with atrial fibrillation who have undergone cardioversion (an electrical shock is delivered to the heart to return it to a normal rhythm). 393
Bed-wetting
According to one small trial, laser acupuncture may help to reduce bed-wetting episodes. 396
Urinary Retention
A randomized trial of 80 women with post-hysterectomy urinary retention showed improvement in bladder function with acupuncture compared to acupoint injection of vitamin B12. Each group had daily treatment over the course of five consecutive days. Improvement was seen in 90% of the acupuncture group after two treatment courses compared to 72.5% in injection group.408
Epigastric Discomfort and Ulcer
Functional dyspepsia includes a wide range of symptoms that cause epigastric pain or discomfort. A randomized trial of 72 patients suffering from functional dyspepsia show significant symptom relief with real as opposed to sham acupuncture. Those who had real acupuncture experienced less bloating and early saiety, though the differences were minor and may not have been clinically meaningful.409

What to Expect During an Acupuncture Treatment

Acupuncture therapy has its own style and atmosphere, both like and unlike an ordinary medical encounter. Your first session will begin with a thorough analysis of your condition and health history. If the acupuncturist practices according to the principles of TCM, you will be asked a number of questions about your specific complaint and your general health, including how well you sleep, digest your food, eliminate, and breathe, your energy level, and so forth. All of these factors are considered relevant. The acupuncturist may ask questions that seem to have little bearing on your condition, such as, "Do you tend to feel cold or hot most of the time?" TCM looks for overall patterns in both physical and emotional well-being, which guide the acupuncturist in developing a treatment plan that is specific not only for your symptoms, but for your overall health pattern.
Depending on your specific complaint and your individual symptom pattern, the acupuncturist may use only a few needles or as many as 20 or more. Acupuncture needle sizes are typically 32- to 36-gauge, which means they are about ¼ mm in diameter, much smaller than a hypodermic needle. Unlike hollow hypodermic needles, acupuncture needles are solid, which allows them to penetrate the skin easily and relatively painlessly. Acupuncture needles may produce a mild pricking sensation when inserted, but sometimes you will feel nothing at all as the needle is inserted. The needles are generally inserted to a depth ranging from a few millimeters to ½ inch or so. Insertion depth is deeper at the more fleshy areas of the body, such as the thighs and buttocks.
Acupuncture needles are typically inserted through a plastic tube that guides the needle into the skin. This is a fairly modern needle insertion technique. Traditional freehand insertion is also used; most acupuncturists are trained in this method. Virtually all acupuncturists in the United States now use pre-sterilized, one-time-use disposable needles, which eliminate any risk of cross-infection.
The acupuncturist may twirl the inserted needles and ask you to say when you feel a mild achy, heavy sensation; or the area may feel slightly numb or tingly. These sensations, described in TCM as the arrival of Qi, are regarded as a positive response that will enhance the effectiveness of the treatment.
Whatever you feel, the sensation should be mild, not overly unpleasant, and should subside within a few minutes. If any needles are genuinely painful, inform the practitioner so he or she can adjust the depth or remove the needle altogether. The needles are generally left in place for 20 to 30 minutes. During this time, you should feel comfortable and relaxed, and you may fall asleep.
Acupuncturists may also employ a technique known as electroacupuncture, in which electrodes are attached to the needles and a mild current is applied. This is intended to increase the stimulation of the needle and is generally used for more painful conditions. Electroacupuncture produces a tingly, pulsating sensation. The acupuncturist can control the intensity and adjust it to a level that is comfortable for you.
Traditionally trained acupuncturists often use heat as well as needles to stimulate acupuncture points with a procedure called moxibustion , which involves a mixture of herbs rolled into a cigar-like shape. The roll is lit, and the burning end is held over the skin, allowing the heat to penetrate the area around the acupressure point. The moxa roll never touches the skin, so you will not be burned. The acupuncturist will ask you to let him or her know before it gets too hot. Moxibustion is generally quite pleasant. It is regarded as a "tonifying" treatment, which means it is intended to strengthen function.

How to Choose a Qualified Acupuncturist

Acupuncture is a licensed health profession in 39 states and the District of Columbia. Most states require at least 3 years of training at an accredited school of acupuncture and passage of a national board certification exam administered by the National Certification Commission for Acupuncture and Oriental Medicine (NCCAOM). Most states grant the title Licensed Acupuncturist, Certified Acupuncturist, Registered Acupuncturist, or simply Acupuncturist. A few states allow acupuncturists who have a doctorate from an approved or accredited college to use the title Doctor of Oriental Medicine (D.O.M.) or Oriental Medical Doctor (O.M.D.).
In most states, medical doctors can practice acupuncture with no training; in many states, chiropractors may practice acupuncture with 100 or fewer hours of training.
Approximately one-third of the states that license acupuncturists require their clients to have a referral from a Western medical practitioner (an M.D., osteopath, chiropractor, or dentist) prior to or in conjunction with acupuncture treatment. In the remaining states, acupuncturists may accept patients without prior referral.
Training programs have become fairly standardized in recent years, so an acupuncturist with qualifications in one state has essentially the same training as in other states. If you are in a state that does not license acupuncturists, ask to see evidence that the acupuncturist has completed at least 3 years of training at an accredited institution. Check with your state medical board for the exact licensure title and requirements in your state.

States That License Acupuncturists

The following states license acupuncturists:
Alaska Idaho Montana Rhode Island
Arizona Illinois Nevada South Carolina
Arkansas Indiana New Hampshire Tennessee
California Iowa New Jersey Texas
Colorado Louisiana New Mexico Utah
Connecticut Maine New York Vermont
District of Columbia Maryland North Carolina Virginia
Florida Massachusetts Ohio Washington
Georgia Minnesota Oregon West Virginia
Hawaii Missouri Pennsylvania Wisconsin
The American Academy of Medical Acupuncture offers an acupuncturist referral list on their website .

Safety Issues

Serious adverse effects associated with the use of acupuncture are rare. 106-108 The most commonly reported problems include short-term pain from needle insertion, tiredness, and minor bleeding. There is one report of infection caused by acupuncture given to a person with diabetes. 184
Some acupuncture points lie over the lungs and insertion to excessive depth could conceivably cause a pneumothorax (punctured lung). Because acupuncturists are trained to avoid this complication, it is a rare occurrence.
A recent report from China contained an example of another complication caused by excessively deep needling. 109 A 44-year-old man was needled on the back of the neck at a commonly used acupuncture point just below the bony protuberance at the base of the skull. However, the acupuncturist inserted the needle too deeply and punctured a blood vessel in the skull. The client developed a severe headache with nausea and vomiting; a CAT scan showed bleeding in the brain, and a spinal tap found a small amount of blood in the cerebrospinal fluid. The severe headache, along with neck stiffness, continued for 28 days. The man was treated with standard pain medication, and the condition resolved itself without any permanent effects.
Infection due to the use of unclean needles has been reported in the past, but the modern practice of using disposable sterile needles appears to have eliminated this risk.

References

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185 Ernst E. Acupuncture—a critical analysis. J Intern Med. 2006;259:125-37.

186 Bausell RB, Lao L, Bergman S, et al. Is acupuncture analgesia an expectancy effect? Preliminary evidence based on participants' perceived assignments in two placebo-controlled trials. Eval Health Prof. 2005;28:9-26.

187 Habib AS, Itchon-Ramos N, Phillips-Bute BG, et al. Transcutaneous acupoint electrical stimulation with the ReliefBand® for the prevention of nausea and vomiting during and after cesarean delivery under spinal anesthesia. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:581-584.

188 Ho CM, Tsai HJ, Chan KH, et al. P6 acupressure does not prevent emesis during spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg. 2006;102:900-903.

189 Agarwal A, Dhiraaj S, Tandon M, et al. Evaluation of capsaicin ointment at the Korean hand acupressure point K-D2 for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anaesthesia. 2005;60:1185-1188.

190 Shin HS, Song YA. The effect of p6 acupressure for symptom control in pregnant women having hyperemesis gravidarum. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi. 2005;35:593-601.

191 Heazell A, Thorneycroft J, Walton V, et al. Acupressure for the in-patient treatment of nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: a randomized control trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006;194:815-20.

192 Roscoe JA, Matteson SE, Morrow GR, et al. Acustimulation wrist bands are not effective for the control of chemotherapy-induced nausea in women with breast cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005;29:376-84.

193 Guerra de Hoyos JA, Martin Mdel C, Leon EB, et al. Randomised trial of long term effect of acupuncture for shoulder pain. Pain. 2004;112:289-98.

194 Razavi M, Jansen GB. Effects of acupuncture and placebo TENS in addition to exercise in treatment of rotator cuff tendinitis. Clin Rehabil. 2004;18:872-878.

195 Witt C, Brinkhaus B, Jena S, et al. Acupuncture in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2005;366:136-143.

196 Berman BM, Lao L, Langenberg P, et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture as adjunctive therapy in osteoarthritis of the knee: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:901-910.

197 White P, Lewith G, Prescott P, et al. Acupuncture versus placebo for the treatment of chronic mechanical neck pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141:911-919.

198 Aigner N, Fialka C, Radda C, et al. Adjuvant laser acupuncture in the treatment of whiplash injuries: a prospective, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr. 2006;118:95-99.

199 Ebneshahidi NS, Heshmatipour M, Moghaddami A, et al. The effects of laser acupuncture on chronic tension headache--a randomised controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2005;23:13-18.

200 Alecrim-Andrade J, Maciel-Junior J, Cladellas X, et al. Acupuncture in migraine prophylaxis: a randomized sham-controlled trial. Cephalalgia. 2006;26:520-529.

201 Melchart D, Streng A, Hoppe A, et al. Acupuncture in patients with tension-type headache: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2005 Jul 29. [Epub ahead of print]

202 Diener HC, Kronfeld K, Boewing G, et al. Efficacy of acupuncture for the prophylaxis of migraine: a multicentre randomised controlled clinical trial. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:310-316.

203 Brinkhaus B, Witt CM, Jena S, et al. Acupuncture in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:450-457.

204 Kerr DP, Walsh DM, Baxter D. Acupuncture in the management of chronic low back pain: a blinded randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2003;19:364-370.

205 Hsieh LL, Kuo CH, Lee LH, et al. Treatment of low back pain by acupressure and physical therapy: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2006 Feb 17. [Epub ahead of print]

206 Park J, White AR, James MA, et al. Acupuncture for subacute stroke rehabilitation: a sham-controlled, subject- and assessor-blind, randomized trial. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2026-2031.

207 Wayne PM, Krebs DE, Macklin EA, et al. Acupuncture for upper-extremity rehabilitation in chronic stroke: a randomized sham-controlled study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86:2248-2255.

208 Emmons SL, Otto L. Acupuncture for overactive bladder: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:138-143.

209 Assefi NP, Sherman KJ, Jacobsen C, et al. A randomized clinical trial of acupuncture compared with sham acupuncture in fibromyalgia. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:10-19.

210 Harris RE, Tian X, Williams DA, et al. Treatment of fibromyalgia with formula acupuncture: investigation of needle placement, needle stimulation, and treatment frequency. J Altern Complement Med. 2005;11:663-667.

211 Westergaard LG, Mao Q, Krogslund M, et al. Positive effects of acupuncture in ART are not mediated by changes in ovarian and endometrial production of estradiol, progesterone, and placental protein 14. Fertil Steril. 2006 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print]

212 Westergaard LG, Mao Q, Krogslund M, et al. Acupuncture on the day of embryo transfer significantly improves the reproductive outcome in infertile women: a prospective, randomized trial. Fertil Steril. 2006 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print]

213 Smith C, Coyle M, Norman RJ. Influence of acupuncture stimulation on pregnancy rates for women undergoing embryo transfer. Fertil Steril. 2006 Apr 4. [Epub ahead of print]

214 Lee H, Ernst E. Acupuncture analgesia during surgery: a systematic review. Pain. 2005;114:511-517.

215 Usichenko TI, Dinse M, Hermsen M, et al. Auricular acupuncture for pain relief after total hip arthroplasty - a randomized controlled study. Pain. 2005;114:320-327.

216 Hsu CH, Hwang KC, Chao CL, et al. Electroacupuncture in obese women: a randomized, controlled pilot study. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2005;14:434-440.

217 Cristian A, Katz M, Cutrone E, et al. Evaluation of acupuncture in the treatment of Parkinson's disease: A double-blind pilot study. Mov Disord. 2005 May 9. [Epub ahead of print]

218 Vickers AJ, Feinstein MB, Deng GE, et al. Acupuncture for dyspnea in advanced cancer: a randomized, placebo-controlled pilot trial. BMC Palliat Care. 2005 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print]

219 Schneider A, Enck P, Streitberger K, et al. Acupuncture treatment in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut. 2005 Sep 8. [Epub ahead of print]

220 Yiu E, Xu J, Murry T, et al. A randomized treatment-placebo study of the effectiveness of acupuncture for benign vocal pathologies. J Voice. 2005 May 27. [Epub ahead of print]

221 Scharf HP, Mansmann U, Streitberger K, et al. Acupuncture and knee osteoarthritis: a three-armed randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2006;145:12-20.

222 Witt CM, Jena S, Brinkhaus B, et al. Acupuncture for patients with chronic neck pain. Pain. 2006 Jun 13. [Epub ahead of print]

223 Kwon YD, Pittler MH, Ernst E. Acupuncture for peripheral joint osteoarthritis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Aug 27. [Epub ahead of print]

224 Vas J, Perea-Milla E, Mendez C, et al. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for chronic uncomplicated neck pain: a randomised controlled study. Pain. 2006 Aug 22. [Epub ahead of print]

225 Joos S, Wildau N, Kohnen R, et al. Acupuncture and moxibustion in the treatment of ulcerative colitis: a randomized controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2006;41:1056-1063.

226 Huang MI, Nir Y, Chen B, et al. A randomized controlled pilot study of acupuncture for postmenopausal hot flashes: effect on nocturnal hot flashes and sleep quality. Fertil Steril. 2006;86:700-710.

227 Derry CJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ, et al. Systematic review of systematic reviews of acupuncture published 1996-2005. Clin Med. 2006;6:381-386.

228 Harper TC, Coeytaux RR, Chen W, et al. A randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for initiation of labor in nulliparous women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2006;19:465-470.

229 Helmreich RJ, Shiao SY, Dune LS. Meta-analysis of acustimulation effects on nausea and vomiting in pregnant women. Explore (NY). 2006;2:412-421.

230 Macklin EA, Wayne PM, Kalish LA, et al. Stop Hypertension With the Acupuncture Research Program (SHARP). Results of a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Hypertension. 2006 Oct 2. [Epub ahead of print]

231 Freire AO, Sugai GC, Chrispin FS, et al. Treatment of moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome with acupuncture: A randomised, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Sleep Med. 2006 Oct 3. [Epub ahead of print]

232 Inoue M, Kitakoji H, Ishizaki N, et al. Relief of low back pain immediately after acupuncture treatment - a randomised, placebo controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2006;24:103-108.

233 Smith P, Mosscrop D, Davies S, et al. The efficacy of acupuncture in the treatment of temporomandibular joint myofascial pain: A randomised controlled trial. J Dent. 2006 Nov 7. [Epub ahead of print]

234 Nir Y, Huang MI, Schnyer R, et al. Acupuncture for postmenopausal hot flashes. Maturitas. 2006 Dec 18. [Epub ahead of print]

235 Mayhew E, Ernst E. Acupuncture for fibromyalgia--a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2006 Dec 19. [Epub ahead of print]

236 Allen JJ, Schnyer RN, Chambers AS, et al. Acupuncture for depression: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006;67:1665-1673.

237 Usichenko TI, Kuchling S, Witstruck T, et al. Auricular acupuncture for pain relief after ambulatory knee surgery: a randomized trial. CMAJ. 2007;176:179-183.

238 Trinh K, Graham N, Gross A, et al. Acupuncture for neck disorders. Spine. 2007;32:236-243.

239 Hantoushzadeh S, Alhusseini N, Lebaschi AH. The effects of acupuncture during labour on nulliparous women: A randomised controlled trial. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;47:26-30.

240 Karst M, Winterhalter M, Munte S, et al. Auricular acupuncture for dental anxiety: a randomized controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:295-300.

241 Capodice JL, Jin Z, Bemis DL, et al. A pilot study on acupuncture for lower urinary tract symptoms related to chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain. Chin Med. 2007 Feb 6. [Epub ahead of print].

242 Kunz S, Schulz M, Lewitzky M, et al. Ear acupuncture for alcohol withdrawal in comparison with aromatherapy: a randomized-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2007;31:436-442.

243 Manheimer E, Lim B, Lao L, et al. Acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis: a randomised trial using a novel sham. Acupunct Med . 2006;24 Suppl:S7-14.

244 Yamashita H, Masuyama S, Otsuki K, et al. Safety of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee: a review of randomised controlled trials, focusing on specific reactions to acupuncture. Acupunct Med. 2006;24(suppl):S49-S52.

245 White A, Foster N, Cummings M, et al. The effectiveness of acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee: a systematic review. Acupunct Med. 2006;24(suppl):S40-S48.

246 Vas J, Mendez C, Perea-Milla E. Acupuncture vs Streitberger needle in knee osteoarthritis: an RCT. Acupunct Med. 2006;24(suppl):S15-S24.

247 Michalek-Sauberer A, Heinzl H, Sator-Katzenschlager SM, et al. Perioperative auricular electroacupuncture has no effect on pain and analgesic consumption after third molar tooth extraction. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:542-547.

248 Molassiotis A, Helin AM, Dabbour R, et al. The effects of P6 acupressure in the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-related nausea and vomiting in breast cancer patients. Complement Ther Med. 2007;15:3-12.

249 Yurtkuran M, Alp A, Konur S, et al. Laser acupuncture in knee osteoarthritis: a double-blind, randomized controlled study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2007;25:14-20.

250 Yin C, Seo B, Park HJ, et al. Acupuncture, a promising adjunctive therapy for essential hypertension: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Neurol Res. 2007;29(suppl):98-103.

251 Zaborowska E, Brynhildsen J, Damberg S, et al. Effects of acupuncture, applied relaxation, estrogens, and placebo on hot flushes in postmenopausal women: an analysis of two prospective, parallel, randomized studies. Climacteric. 2007;10:38-45.

252 Flachskampf FA, Gallasch J, Gefeller O, et al. Randomized trial of acupuncture to lower blood pressure. Circulation. 2007 Jun 4. [Epub ahead of print]

253 Hahn M, Steins A, Mohrle M, et al. Is there a vasospasmolytic effect of acupuncture in patients with secondary Raynaud phenomenon? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2005;2:758-762.

254 Hollifield M, Sinclair-Lian N, Warner TD, et al. Acupuncture for post-traumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot trial. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2007;195:504-513.

255 Manheimer E, Linde K, Lao L, et al. Meta-analysis: acupuncture for osteoarthritis of the knee. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:868-877.

256 Usichenko TI, Dinse M, Lysenyuk VP, et al. Auricular acupuncture reduces intraoperative fentanyl requirement during hip arthroplasty—a randomized double-blinded study. Acupunct Electrother Res. 2006;31:213-221.

257 Foster NE, Thomas E, Barlas P, et al. Acupuncture as an adjunct to exercise based physiotherapy for osteoarthritis of the knee: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2007 Aug 15. [Epub ahead of print]

258 Dibble SL, Luce J, Cooper BA, et al. Acupressure for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: a randomized clinical trial. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2007;34:813-820.

259 Wang G, Mao B, Xiong ZY, et al. The quality of reporting of randomized controlled trials of traditional Chinese medicine: a survey of 13 randomly selected journals from mainland China. Clin Ther. 2007;29:1456-1467.

260 Facco E, Liguori A, Petti F, et al. Traditional acupuncture in migraine: a controlled, randomized study. Headache. 2007 Sep 14. [Epub ahead of print]

261 Haake M, Muller HH, Schade-Brittinger C, et al. German Acupuncture Trials (GERAC) for chronic low back pain: randomized, multicenter, blinded, parallel-group trial with 3 groups. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1892-1898.

262 Andersson E, Persson AL, Carlsson CP. Are auricular maps reliable for chronic musculoskeletal pain disorders? A double-blind evaluation. Acupunct Med. 2007;25:72-79.

263 Selmer-Olsen T, Lydersen S, Morkved S. Does acupuncture used in nulliparous women reduce time from prelabour rupture of membranes at term to active phase of labour? A randomised controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007 Oct 25. [Epub ahead of print]

264 Yiu YM, Ng SM, Tsui YL, et al. A clinical trial of acupuncture for treating chronic fatigue syndrome in Hong Kong.] Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2007;5:630-633.

265 Gottschling S, Meyer S, Gribova I, et al. Laser acupuncture in children with headache: A double-blind, randomized, bicenter, placebo-controlled trial. Pain. 2007 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]

266 Molassiotis A, Sylt P, Diggins H. The management of cancer-related fatigue after chemotherapy with acupuncture and acupressure: A randomised controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2007;15:228-237.

267 Deng G, Vickers A, Yeung S, et al. Randomized, controlled trial of acupuncture for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:5584-5590.

268 Lee SW, Liong ML, Yuen KH, et al. Acupuncture versus sham acupuncture for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain. Am J Med. 2008;121:79.e1-7.

269 Oken O, Kahraman Y, Ayhan F, et al. The short-term efficacy of laser, brace, and ultrasound treatment in lateral epicondylitis: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial. J Hand Ther. 2008;21:63-68.

270 Alecrim-Andrade J, Maciel-Junior JA, Carne X, et al. Acupuncture in migraine prevention: a randomized sham controlled study with 6-months post-treatment follow-up. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:98-105.

271 Martensson L, Stener-Victorin E, Wallin G. Acupuncture versus subcutaneous injections of sterile water as treatment for labour pain. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:171-177.

272 Lee MS, Pittler MH, Shin BC, et al. Bee venom acupuncture for musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review. J Pain. 2008 Jan 26.

273 Goldman RH, Stason WB, Park SK, et al. Acupuncture for treatment of persistent arm pain due to repetitive use: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin J Pain. 2008;24:211-218.

274 Domar AD, Meshay I, Kelliher J, et al. The impact of acupuncture on in vitro fertilization outcome. Fertil Steril. 2008 Mar 7. [Epub ahead of print]

275 Manheimer E, Zhang G, Udoff L, et al. Effects of acupuncture on rates of pregnancy and live birth among women undergoing in vitro fertilisation: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2008;336:545-549.

276 Vas J, Ortega C, Olmo V, et al. Single-point acupuncture and physiotherapy for the treatment of painful shoulder: a multicentre randomized controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) . 2008 Apr 10.

277 Roberts J, Huissoon A, Dretzke J, et al. A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of acupuncture for allergic rhinitis. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2008 Apr 22.

278 Yousefi-Nooraie R, Schonstein E, Heidari K, et al. Low level laser therapy for nonspecific low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2008;(2):CD005107.

279 Hopwood V, Lewith G, Prescott P, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of acupuncture in defined aspects of stroke recovery: A randomised, placebo controlled single blind study. J Neurol. 2008 May 13.

280 Sjoling M, Rolleri M, Englund E. Auricular acupuncture versus sham acupuncture in the treatment of women who have insomnia. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:39-46.

281 Davis MA, Kononowech RW, Rolin SA, et al. Acupuncture for tension-type headache: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. J Pain. 2008 May 20.

282 Avis NE, Legault C, Coeytaux RR, et al. A randomized, controlled pilot study of acupuncture treatment for menopausal hot flashes. Menopause. 2008 Jun 2.

283 Sun Y, Gan TJ, Dubose JW, et al. Acupuncture and related techniques for postoperative pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Jun 2.

284 van den Berg I, Bosch JL, Jacobs B, et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture-type interventions versus expectant management to correct breech presentation: A systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2008;16:92-100.

285 Wang H, Qi H, Wang BS, et al. Is acupuncture beneficial in depression? A meta-analysis of 8 randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2008 Jun 10.

286 Jubb R, Tukmachi E, Jones P, et al. A blinded randomised trial of acupuncture (manual and electroacupuncture) compared with a non-penetrating sham for the symptoms of osteoarthritis of the knee. Acupunct Med. 2008;26:69-78.

287 Lee MS, Shin BC, Kong JC, et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture for Parkinson's disease: A systematic review. Mov Disord. 2008 Jul 10.

288 Jena S, Witt C, Brinkhaus B, et al. Acupuncture in patients with headache. Cephalalgia . 2008 Jul 2.

289 El-Toukhy T, Sunkara S, Khairy M, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of acupuncture in in vitro fertilisation. BJOG. 2008 Jul 23.

290 Xie Y, Wang L, He J, Wu T. Acupuncture for dysphagia in acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD006076.

291 Lam YC, Kum WF, Durairajan SS et al. Efficacy and safety of acupuncture for idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14:663-671.

292 Liu YY, Duan SE, Cai MX, et al. Evaluation of transcutaneous electroacupoint stimulation with the train-of-four mode for preventing nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Chin J Integr Med. 2008;14:94-97.

293 Lee MS, Shin BC, Ernst E. Acupuncture for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Rheumatology (Oxford) . 2008 Aug 18

294 Franca DL, Senna-Fernandes V, Cortez CM, et al. Tension neck syndrome treated by acupuncture combined with physiotherapy: A comparative clinical trial (pilot study). Complement Ther Med. 2008;16:268-277.

295 Wang C, de Pablo P, Chen X, et al. Acupuncture for pain relief in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:1249-1256.

296 da Cunha LA, Firoozmand LM, da Silva AP, et al. Efficacy of low-level laser therapy in the treatment of temporomandibular disorder. Int Dent J. 2008;58:213-217.

297 Allen TK, Habib AS. P6 stimulation for the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with cesarean delivery under neuraxial anesthesia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:1308-1312.

298 Reinthal M, Andersson S, Gustafsson M, et al. Effects of minimal acupuncture in children with infantile colic—a prospective, quasi-randomised single blind controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2008;26:171-182.

299 Hervik J, Mjaland O. Acupuncture for the treatment of hot flashes in breast cancer patients, a randomized, controlled trial. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008 Oct 7.

300 Cheong YC, Hung Yu Ng E, Ledger WL. Acupuncture and assisted conception. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD006920.

301 Cheuk DK, Wong V. Acupuncture for epilepsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008;CD005062.

302 Gottschling S, Reindl TK, Meyer S, et al. Acupuncture to alleviate chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in pediatric oncology - a randomized multicenter crossover pilot trial. Klin Padiatr. 2008;220:365-370.

303 Elden H, Fagevik-Olsen M, Ostgaard HC, et al. Acupuncture as an adjunct to standard treatment for pelvic girdle pain in pregnant women: randomised double-blinded controlled trial comparing acupuncture with non-penetrating sham acupuncture. BJOG. 2008;115:1655-1668.

304 Hyun MK, Lee MS, Kang K, et al. Body acupuncture for nicotine withdrawal symptoms: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2008 Jul 4.

305 Yang H, Liu CZ, Chen X et al. Systematic review of clinical trials of acupuncture-related therapies for primary dysmenorrhea. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2008;87:1114-1122.

306 Lee MS, Kim KH, Choi SM, et al. Acupuncture for treating hot flashes in breast cancer patients: a systematic review. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008 Nov 4.

307 Yuan J, Purepong N, Kerr DP, et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture for low back pain: a systematic review. Spine. 2008;33:E887-900.

308 Smith CA, Crowther CA, Collins CT, et al. Acupuncture to induce labor: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;112:1067-1074.

309 Lee H, Kim SY, Park J, et al. Acupuncture for lowering blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2009;22:122-128.

310 Bearn J, Swami A, Stewart D, et al. Auricular acupuncture as an adjunct to opiate detoxification treatment: Effects on withdrawal symptoms. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2008 Nov 11.

311 Carrasco TG, Mazzetto MO, Mazzetto RG, et al. Low intensity laser therapy in temporomandibular disorder: a phase II double-blind study. Cranio. 2008;26:274-281.

312 Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, AVins AL, et al. A randomized trial comparing acupuncture, simulated acupuncture, and usual care for chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:858-866.

313 Lembo AJ, Conboy L, Kelley JM, et al. A treatment trial of acupuncture in IBS patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104:1489-1497.

314 So EW, Ng EH, Wong YY, Lau EY, Yeung WS, Ho PC. A randomized double blind comparison of real and placebo acupuncture in IVF treatment. Hum Reprod. 2009;24:341-8.

315 Lee MS, Shin BC, Ernst E. Acupuncture for treating menopausal hot flushes: a systematic review. Climacteric. 2009;12:16-25.

316 Yan T, Hui-Chan CW. Transcutaneous electrical stimulation on acupuncture points improves muscle function in subjects after acute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:312-6.

317 Lee SH, Lee BC. Electroacupuncture relieves pain in men with chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome: three-arm randomized trial. Urology. 2009;73:1036-41.

318 Wang MC, Hsu MC, Chien LW, Kao CH, Liu CF. Effects of auricular acupressure on menstrual symptoms and nitric oxide for women with primary dysmenorrhea. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15:235-42.

319 Frey UH, Scharmann P, Löhlein C, Peters J. P6 acustimulation effectively decreases postoperative nausea and vomiting in high-risk patients. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102:620-5.

320 Yeung WF, Chung KF, Zhang SP, et al. Electroacupuncture for primary insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. Sleep. 2009;32:1039-47.

321 Roscoe JA, Bushunow P, Jean-Pierre P, et al. Acupressure bands are effective in reducing radiation therapy-related nausea. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2009 Sep;38:381.

322 Zhang WJ, Yang XB, Zhong BL. Combination of acupuncture and fluoxetine for depression: a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2009 Aug;15:837

323 Wu HC, Liu YC, Ou KL, et al. Effects of acupuncture on post-cesarean section pain. Chin Med J (Engl). 2009;122:1743.

324 Langhorst J, Klose P, Musial F, et al. Efficacy of acupuncture in fibromyalgia syndrome--a systematic review with a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2010;49:778.

325 Crew KD, Capodice JL, Greenlee H, et al. Randomized, blinded, sham-controlled trial of acupuncture for the management of aromatase inhibitor-associated joint symptoms in women with early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28:1154.

326 La Touche R, Angulo-Díaz-Parreño S, et al. Effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders of muscular origin: a systematic review of the last decade. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16:107.

327 Hsieh LL, Liou HH, Lee LH, et al. Effect of acupressure and trigger points in treating headache: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Chin Med . 2010;38:1.

328 Wu P, Mills E, Moher D, et al. Acupuncture in poststroke rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Stroke. 2010 Apr;41:e171.

329 Cho SH, Hwang EW. Acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhoea: a systematic review. BJOG. 2010 Apr;117:509.

330 Kim KH, Kang KW, Kim DI, et al. Effects of acupuncture on hot flashes in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women--a multicenter randomized clinical trial. Menopause. 2010 Mar;17:269.

331 Borud EK, Alraek T, White A, et al. The Acupuncture on Hot Flashes Among Menopausal Women study: observational follow-up results at 6 and 12 months. Menopause. 2010 Mar;17(2):262.

332 Pfister DG, Cassileth BR, Deng GE, et al. Acupuncture for pain and dysfunction after neck dissection: results of a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol. 2010 May 20;28(15):2565.

333 Cho SH, Kim J. Efficacy of acupuncture in management of premenstrual syndrome: a systematic review. Complement Ther Med. 2010 Apr;18(2):104.

334 Cho SH, Lee H, Ernst E. Acupuncture for pain relief in labour: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2010 Jul;117(8):907.

335 Lee MS, Shin BC, Kim JI. Moxibustion for stroke rehabilitation: systematic review. Stroke . 2010 Apr;41(4):817.

336 Zhang ZJ, Chen HY, Yip KC, Ng R, Wong VT. The effectiveness and safety of acupuncture therapy in depressive disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2010;124(1-2):9-21.

337 Sun JL, Sung MS, Huang MY, Cheng GC, Lin CC. Effectiveness of acupressure for residents of long-term care facilities with insomnia: a randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2010;47(7):798-805.

338 Chen N, Zhou M, He L, Li N. Acupuncture for Bell's palsy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(8):CD002914.

339 Matthews A, Dowswell T, Haas D, Doyle M, O'Mathuna D. Interventions for nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;(9):CD007575.

340 Paley C, Johnson M, Tashani O, Bagnall A. Acupuncture for cancer pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD007753.

341 Smith C, Zhu X, He L, Song J. Acupuncture for primary dysmenorrhea. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD007854.

342 Yang CP, Wang NH, Li TC, et al. A randomized clinical trial of acupuncture versus oral steroids for carpal tunnel syndrome: a long-term follow-up. J Pain. 2011;12(2):272-279.

343 Whites A, Rampes H, Liu J, Stead L, Campell J. Acupuncture and related interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(1):CD000009.

344 Kong JC, Lee MS, Shin BC, Song YS, Ernst E. Acupuncture for functional recovery after stroke: a systematic review of sham-controlled randomized clinical trials. CMAJ. 2010;182(16):1723-1729.

345 Kim YH, Kim KS, Lee HJ, Shim JC, Yoon SW. The efficacy of several neuromuscular monitoring modes at the p6 acupuncture point in preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2011;112(4):819-823.

346 Hjelmstedt A, Shenoy ST, Stener-Victorin E, et al. Acupressure to reduce labor pain: a randomized controlled trial. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2010;89(11):1453-1459.

374 Sim H, Shin BC, Lee MS, Jung A, Lee H, Ernst E. Acupuncture for carpal tunnel syndrome: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. J Pain. 2011;12(3):307-314.

375 Mackenzie IZ, Xu J, Cusick C, et al. Acupuncture for pain relief during induced labour in nulliparae: a randomised controlled study. BJOG. 2011;118(4):440-447.

376 Asher GN, Jonas DE, Coeytaux RR, et al. Auriculotherapy for pain management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(10):1097-1108.

377 Sun MY, Hsieh CL, Cheng YY, et al. The therapeutic effects of acupuncture on patients with chronic neck myofascial pain syndrome: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Am J Chin Med. 2010;38(5):849-859.

378 Wang K, Bugge J, Bugge S. A randomised, placebo-controlled trial of manual and electrical acupuncture for the treatment of tinnitus. Complement Ther Med. 2010;18(6):249-255.

379 O'Sullivan EM, Higginson IJ. Clinical effectiveness and safety of acupuncture in the treatment of irradiation-induced xerostomia in patients with head and neck cancer: a systematic review. Acupunct Med. 2010;28(4):191-199.

380 Yang CP, Hsieh CL, Wang NH, et al. Acupuncture in patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: A randomized controlled trial. Clin J Pain. 2009;25(4):327-333.

381 Cameron ID, Wang E, Sindhusake D. A Randomized trial comparing acupuncture and simulated acupuncture, for sub-acute and chronic whiplash. Spine. 2011 Apr 7.

382 Smith C, Collins C, Crowther C, Levett K. Acupuncture or acupressure for pain management in labour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;(7):CD009232.

383 Her JS, Liu PL, Cheng NC, et al. Intraocular pressure-lowering effect of auricular acupressure in patients with glaucoma: a prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2010;16(11):1177-1184.

384 Coura LE, Manoel CH, Poffo R, Bedin A, Westphal GA. Randomised, controlled study of preoperative electroacupuncture for postoperative pain control after cardiac surgery. Acupunct Med. 2011;29(1):16-20.

385 Cheuk DK, Wong V, Chen WX. Acupuncture for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011;9:CD007849.

386 de Luca AC, da Fonseca AM, Lopes CM, Bagnoli VR, Soares JM, Baracat EC. Acupuncture-ameliorated menopausal symptoms: single-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Climacteric. 2011;14(1):140-145.

387 Ma W, Bai W, Lin C, et al. Effects of Sanyinjiao (SP6) with electroacupuncture on labour pain in women during labour. Complement Ther Med. 2011;19 Suppl 1:S13-8.

388 Neri I, Allais G, Vaccaro V, et al. Acupuncture treatment as breastfeeding support: preliminary data. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(2):133-137.

389 Marra C, Pozzi I, Ceppi L, Sicuri M, Veneziano F, Regalia AL. Wrist-ankle acupuncture as perineal pain relief after mediolateral episiotomy: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(3):239-241.

390 Liang Z, Zhu X, Yang X, Fu W, Lu A. Assessment of a traditional acupuncture therapy for chronic neck pain: a pilot randomised controlled study. Complement Ther Med. 2011;19 Suppl 1:S26-32.

391 Meng Z, Garcia MK, Hu C, et al. Randomized controlled trial of acupuncture for prevention of radiation-induced xerostomia among patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer. 2011 Nov 9.

392 Park JM, Park SU, Jung WS, Moon SK. Carthami-Semen acupuncture point injection for chronic daily headache: a pilot, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Complement Ther Med. 2011;19 Suppl 1:S19-25.

393 Lomuscio A, Belletti S, Battezzati PM, Lombardi F. Efficacy of acupuncture in preventing atrial fibrillation recurrences after electrical cardioversion. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2011;22(3):241-247.

394 Johansson K, Bergström A, Schröder K, Foldevi M. Subacromial corticosteroid injection or acupuncture with home exercises when treating patients with subacromial impingement in primary care—a randomized clinical trial. Fam Pract. 2011;28(4):355-365.

395 Chang BH, Sommers E. Acupuncture and the relaxation response for treating gastrointestinal symptoms in HIV patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Acupunct Med. 2011;29(3):180-187.

396 Karaman MI, Koca O, Küçük EV, Öztürk M, Güneş M, Kaya C. Laser acupuncture therapy for primary monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis. J Urol. 2011;185(5):1852-1856.

397 Wang LP, Zhang XZ, Guo J, et al. Efficacy of acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis: a single-blinded, double-dummy, randomized controlled trial. Pain. 2011;152(8):1864-1871.

398 Zhao L, Guo Y, Wang W, Yan LJ. Systematic review on randomized controlled clinical trials of acupuncture therapy for neurovascular headache. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17(8):580-586.

399 Lim B, Manheimer E, Lao L, et al. Acupuncture for treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Oct 18;(4):CD005111.

400 Manheimer E, Wieland LS, Cheng K, Li SM, Shen X, Berman BM, Lao L. Acupuncture for irritable bowel syndrome: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Apr 10.

401 Zheng GQ, Zhao ZM, Wang Y, et al. Meta-analysis of scalp acupuncture for acute hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage. J Altern Complement Med. 2011;17(4):293-299.

402 Sun BM, Luo M, Wu SB, Chen XX, Wu MC. Acupuncture versus metoclopramide in treatment of postoperative gastroparesis syndrome in abdominal surgical patients: a randomized controlled trial. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao. 2010;8(7):641-644.

403 Suzuki M, Muro S, Ando Y, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of acupuncture in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Arch Intern Med . 2012;172(11):878.

404 White P, Bishop FL, Prescott P, Scott C, Little P, Lewith G. Practice, practitioner, or placebo? A multifactorial, mixed-methods randomized controlled trial of acupuncture. Pain. 2012;153(2):455-462.

405 White PF, Zhao M, Tang J, et al. Use of a disposable acupressure device as part of a multimodal antiemetic strategy for reducing postoperative nausea and vomiting. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(1):31-37.

406 Tahiri M, Mottillo S, Joseph L, et al. Alternative smoking cessation aids: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med. 2012 Jun;125(6):576.

407 Vickers AJ, Cronin AM, Maschino AC. Acupuncture for chronic pain: individual patient data meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(19):1444-1453.

408 Yi WM, Pan AZ, Li JJ, et al. Clinical observation on the acupuncture treatment in patients with urinary retention after radical hysterectomy. Chin J Integr Med. 2011;17(11):860-863.

409 Zeng F, Qin W, Ma T, et al. Influence of acupuncture treatment on cerebral activity in functional dyspepsia patients and its relationship with efficacy. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(8):1236-1247.

410 Kim DI, Jeong JC, Kim KH, et al. Acupuncture for hot flushes in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a randomised, sham-controlled trial. Acupunct Med. 2100;29(4):249-256.

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